Home FamMail iRattler FamCast
 
 
Catalog
 
 
College Preparatory Program
Gordon Rule Compliance
General Education Sequence
General Education Approved Course List
Programs for Degree Acceleration
Special Academic Programs
Honors Program
Office of International Education and Development


Academic Affairs

CLAS (College Level Academic Skills)

Effective July 1, 2009, the CLAST (College Level Academic Skills Test) will no longer be administered.

During the 2009 legislative session, the Legislature repealed section 1008.29, Florida Statutes, relating to the College Level Academic Skills Test (CLAST). The Legislature amended section 1007.25 (12), Florida Statues. As amended, the statute now requires students to achieve a score that meets or exceeds a minimum score on a nationally standardized examination, as established by the State Board of Education. Alternatively, student must achieve a cumulative grade point average of 2.5 or above, on a 4.0 scale, in postsecondary-level coursework in conjunction with the Board of Governors, in order to be conferred an Associate in Arts and Baccalaureate Degrees.

In order to demonstrate continuing concern for institutional accountability and effectiveness, as well as performance standards for student learning outcomes, students must satisfy proficiency in Math and English, utilizing the following CLAS requirements for receipt of an AA degree and progression into the upper division of a baccalaureate program.
  1. Students with a 2.5 GPA in two courses for a minimum of six (6) semester hours of credit from: ENC 1101, and ENC 1102, or other equivalent college level English courses may meet the CLAS requirements for demonstrating proficiency in essay, English language skills and reading.
  2. Students with a 2.5 GPA in college-level mathematics courses (excluding MAT 1033) may meet proficiency requirements in mathematics. The mathematics courses that may be used to meet the requirement are as follows:
Option 1:
  • MACX105 College Algebra or any other MAC course with the last three digits  higher than 105.
  • MGFX106 Liberal Arts Mathematics I
  • MGFX107 Liberal Arts Mathematics II
  • MGFX202 Finite Mathematics or any other MGF courses with the last three digits being higher than any Gordon Rule Statistics course.
Option 2: 
  • MGFX106 Liberal Arts Mathematics I
  • MGFX107 Liberal Arts Mathematics II
  • MGFX113 Topics in College Mathematics I
  • MGFX114 Topics in College Mathematics II
  • MGFX118 Mathematics CLAST Review
Option 3:
  • MGFX106 Liberal Arts Mathematics I
  •  MGFX113 Topics in College Mathematics I
  • MACX105 College Algebra
*Credit by Exam: Course credit for a combination of any two Advanced Placement, International Baccalaureate, Advanced International Certificate Education, or College level Examination Program (CLEP) examinations within the English and/or college algebra or higher mathematics/statistics areas that equate with a 2.5 GPA in two courses for a minimum of six (6) credits.

In order to exempt by scores on the ACT or the SAT, students must earn the following:

       3.    ACT: Scores on ACT with minimum scores in each section may meet the CLAS requirements.
  • Reading:  ACT score of 22 or higher on the enhanced ACT or a score of 20 or higher on the original ACT.
  • English Language Skills/Essay: ACT score of 21 or higher on the enhanced ACT or a score of 20 or higher on the original score scale.
  • Mathematics: ACT score of 21 or higher on the enhanced or original ACT.
      4.    SAT: Scores on SAT with minimum scores in each section may meet the CLAS requirements.
  • Verbal/Critical Reading:  SAT score of 500 or higher
  • Mathematics:                   SAT score of 500 or higher
WAIVERS
    Students who are unable to meet the CLAS requirements as listed above may satisfy the requirements by completing one of the following:

*CPT: Scores on ACCUPLACER® with minimum scores in each section may meet the CLAS requirements:
  • Reading:                                 Accuplacer/CPT score of 93 or higher
  • English Language Skills:      Accuplacer/CPT score of 105 or higher 
  • Mathematics:                         Accuplacer/CPT score of 91 or higher
  • Essay:                                    Accuplacer/CPT score of 105 or higher
  • NOTE:  Students may take the Accuplacer College Placement Test by contacting the School of General Studies.
*Apply for and receive a waiver.  If a waiver is approved, the student’s transcript shall include a statement that the student did not meet the requirements of this subsection and that a waiver was granted.  The student must have achieved a 2.0 grade point average in the coursework within the designated area(s) for which the waiver is sought.  There shall be no mention of a disability should the student receiving a waiver be a student with a disability. The committee reviewing the request shall review the student’s academic records and such other information as appropriate.

      a.  Any student who is a recognized student with a documented specific learning disability (SLD) by the student disability office may apply for a waiver through the appropriate dean to a committee appointed by the president or  
           chief academic officer for special consideration. 
      b.  Any other student, including those students with other documented disabilities, may apply for a waiver through a process determined by the university.  The committee hearing these requests shall be chaired by the Provost or  
           his or her designee and include four president appointed members including a university test administrator and one faculty member from the English Department, Mathematics Department, and English or Mathematics
           Department areas. Waivers for students with disabilities other than SLD may be considered only after the students have been provided appropriate test and classroom accommodations.
      c.  Students who have passed any of the CLAST subtests prior to July 1, 2009, will be deemed to have met the requirements of this subsection in those designated areas.  Students transferring to a university whose transcripts
           reflect that they have met, or have received a waiver of, any of the requirements in this subsection will be deemed to have satisfied the requirements in those designated areas.
      d.  The waiver committee may choose to provide additional alternative means for demonstrating proficiency in reading, writing, and mathematics.

For additional information regarding CLAS, please contact Mrs. Michelle Jones, ITA @ (850) 599-3259 or visit the office located in GEC- 201- A, CLAS Office.



Beginning in 1985, the State of Florida instituted the College Preparatory or Pre-Collegiate Program. Students who score below a certain level on specified sub-tests of the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) or the American Collegiate Test (ACT) are placed in the College Preparatory Program. Upon entering the university, these students are given placement tests to determine their need to be in the College Preparatory Program. Students who score below the following placement tests remain in the program.

  Standard Score
SAT-I, The College Board  
Verbal 440
Mathematics   440


Enhanced ACT, American Testing Program Standard Score
Reading 18
English 17
Mathematics 19

Based on the scores above, students will receive college preparatory instruction in the areas of English, mathematics, and/or reading. The college preparatory courses, although required for identified students, do not carry college credit, and student performance is evaluated on an S/U basis. Students have three semesters to complete successfully any required college preparatory course.

The college preparatory courses at the university are:

  Semester hours
English-ENC 0001-”College Prep Writing”............................................................ 3
Mathematics-MAT 0024-”Elementary Algebra”..................................................... 3
Reading-REA 0001-”College Prep Reading”......................................................... 3

For further information see College Preparatory Program listed under the School of General Studies.


The State Board of Education Rule 6A-10.30(2), commonly known as the “Gordon Rule,” specifies that all state universities require in all baccalaureate degree programs, satisfactory completion of twelve (12) semester hours of English course work in which all students are required to produce written work of at least 24,000 words and completion of six (6) hours of mathematics course work at the level of college algebra or higher. A grade of “C” or better is required in each course in the communication, mathematics and humanities/social sciences lists.  Subsection (3)(d) of the rule authorizes alternative plans to the subsection (2) requirements.  Accordingly, Florida A&M University’s alternative plan is as follows:

I.    COMMUNICATION - (6 Semester Hours).  Estimated number of words for each course is 6,000
ENC  1101,   ENC 1102  Freshman  Communication  Skills  I & II
OR
ENC  1121,   ENC 1122 Honors Freshman Composition  I & II
II.    MATHEMATICS - (6 Semester Hours)
       Choose two Mathematics courses at or above College Algebra from the following approved mathematics course list.

Course Prefix # Course Title Credit Hours
MAA  4211 Advanced Calculus I 3
MAC 1105 College Algebra 3
MAC 1114 Alg. & Trig Functions 3
MAC 1147 Pre-Calculus Math 4
MAC 2223 Calculus for Arch 4
MAC 2233 Calculus for Business  I 3
MAC 2234 Calculus for Business II 3
MAC 2311 Calculus I 4
MAC 2312 Calculus II 4
MAD 2120 Finite Mathematics 3
MGF 1106 Liberal Arts Math I 3
MGF 1107 Liberal Arts Math II 3
MTG 2206 College Geometry 3
STA 2023 Intro to Probability & Stat I 3

III.    HUMANITIES/SOCIAL SCIENCE - (12 Semester Hours)
        Choose four courses from the following approved topical humanities course list. Estimated number of words for each course is 3,000.

Course Prefix # Course Title Credit Hours
AFA 3104 The African Amer. Experience 3
AMH 2010 U.S. History 1492-1865 3
AMH 2020 U.S. History 1865-Present 3
AMH 2091 Intro. to African-American History 3
AMH 3571 Afro-American History to 1865 3
AMH 3572 Afro-American History Since 1865 3
AML 2010 American Literature I 3
AML 3041 American Literature II 3
AML 4154 Modern American Poetry 3
ANT 2000 Intro. to Anthropology 3
ARC 2701 Survey of Arch. History I 3
ARH 2000 Art Appreciation 3
ARH 2050 Art History I: Prehistory to Rennaiss. 3
ARH 2051 Art History II: Baroque to Modern 3
ARH 3610 American Art 3
ARH 4410 Modern Art History 3
ARH 4614 African-American Art 3
ECO 2013 Prin. of Economics I 3
ECO 2023 Prin. of Economics II 3
ENL 3013 English Literature to 18th Century 3
ENL 3034 English Literature II 3
EUH 3100 Ancient History 3
EUH 3120 Medieval History 3
EUH 3501 History of England, 1485-1714 3
GEA 2000 World Regional Geography 3
HUM 2211 Historical Survey I 3
HUM 3214 Early Civil & the Classical World 3
HUM 3217 Judeo Christian & Medieval Cultures 3
HUM 2230 Historical Survey II 3
HUM 3237 Counter Reformation Bar. & Enlight. 3
HUM 3238 The European Rennais. & Reform. 3
HUM 3244 19th Cent. Rev.: Historic & Artistic 3
HUM 3255 Modern and Post-Modern Culture 3
HUM 3401 Asian Humanities 3
HUM 3421 African Americans in Film 3
HUM 3425 African Humanities 3
HUM 3546 Caribbean Literature & Popular Cult. 3
HUM 3930 Special Topics in Humanities 3
LIT 2110 Intro to Literature I 3
LIT 2120 Intro to Literature II 3
LIT 3196 African-Caribbean Literature 3
LIT 3824 Latino Literature 3
MMC 2000 Introduction to Mass Media 3
MUH 3116 Jazz History 3
MUH 3211 History and Literature of Music I 3
MUH 3212 History and Literature of Music II 3
MUH 3561 Afro-American Music 3
MUL 2111 Intro. to Music I 3
MUL 2112 Intro. to Music II 3
PHH 2102 Ancient and Medieval Philosophy 3
PHH 3400 Modern Philosophy 3
PHH 3600 Contemporary Philosophy 3
PHI 2010 Intro to Philosophy 3
PHI 3601 Ethics 3
PHI 2801 Intro. to Aesthetics 3
PHM 3120 Contemporary Black Social Phil. 3
POS 2001 Intro. to Political Science 3
POS 2041 Amer. National Government 3
POS 2112 Amer. State and Local Govt. 3
PSY 2012 Intro. Psychology 3
REL 2000 Intro. to Religion 3
REL 3120 Religion in American Culture 3
REL 2135 Black Religion in America 3
REL 3145 Women in Religion 3
REL 2210 Intro. to Old Testament 3
REL 2240 Intro to New Testament 3
REL 2320 Western World Religion 3
REL 3310 Eastern World Religions 3
REL 3383 Caribbean Religion & Culture 3
SPC 1050 Speech and Language Control 3
SPC 2600 Public Speaking 3
SYG 2000 Intro. to Sociology 3
THE 2000 Intro. to Theatre 3
THE 3112 Theatre History I 3
THE 3113 Theatre History II 3
THE 3232 Black Theatre/Film & Rel. Studies 3
THE 3235 Cont. Black Theatre 3
WOH 1012 Hist. Of Civil. 3
WOH 1022 Hist. Of Civil.: Ren. to 1848 3

All students enrolled in the lower division programs of the university must complete the following sequence of general education courses:

I. COMMUNICATION  [6]*
ENC 1101, ENC 1102  Freshman Communication Skills I & II   or ENC 1121, ENC 1122   Honors Freshman Composition I & II
II. MATHEMATICS [6]*
Two Mathematics courses at or above College Algebra from the approved mathematics course list
III. NATURAL SCIENCES [8]**
Any two  courses in  Biology, Chemistry or Physics, each with a laboratory, chosen from the approved Natural Sciences course list.
IV. SOCIAL SCIENCES [6]*
AMH 2091 Introduction to African American History or AFA 3104 The African American Experience and One non-history  course from the approved Social Sciences course list
V. HUMANITIES  [6]*
Two courses from the approved humanities course list
VI. ELECTIVES   [3-4]*
Choose SPC 2600 Public Speaking or  HSC 1100 Health Modern Living  or from any of  the approved Mathematics, Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, and Humanities lists.

Total....................................................................................................................................... 35-36

NOTE:  Each School/College will require its students to be computer literate by requiring them to take an appropriate course or by certifying that the student has mastered certain computer competencies specified by the school/college.

* - A minimum grade of “C” is required.
** - Please refer to academic department for minimum grade requirement.


Humanities (12 Semester Hours)
Course Prefix # Course Title Credit Hours
AMH 2010 U S History 1492 - 1865 3
AMH 2020 U S History 1865 - Present 3
AMH 3571 African Amer.  History - 1865 3
AMH 3572 African Amer. History  Sc - 1865 3
AML 2010 Amer. Literature I 3
AML 3041 Amer. Literature II 3
ARC 1211 The Building Arts 3
ARC 2701  Architectural History I 3
ARH 2000 Art Appreciation 3
ARH 2050 Art History I: Prehistory - Renaiss. 3
ARH 3610 American Art   3
ARH 4410   Modern Art History 3
ARH 4614 African-American Art 3
ENL 3013 English Literature to 18th Century 3
ENL 3034 English Literature 3
EUH 3100 Ancient History 3
EUH 3120 Medieval History 3
EUH 3501 History of England, 1485-1714 3
HUM 2211 Historical Survey I  3
HUM 2230    Historical Survey II 3
LIT 2110 Intro to  Literature I 3
LIT 2120 Intro to Literature II 3
MUH 3116 Jazz History 3
MUH 3211 History and Literature of Music I 3
MUH 3212 History and Literature of Music II 3
MUL 2111 Intro. to Music I  3
MUL 2112 Intro. to Music II   3
PHH 3400   Modern Philosophy 3
PHH 3600    Contemporary Philosophy 3
PHI 2010   Intro to Philosophy 3
PHI 2101 Intro. to Logic 3
PHI 2801 Introduction to Aesthetics 3
PHM 3120 Contemporary Black Social Phil. 3
REL 2000 Intro. to Religion 3
REL 2135 Black Religion in America 3
REL 2210   Intro. to the Old Testament 3
REL 2240   Intro. to the New Testament 3
REL 2320 Western World Religions 3
REL 3120 Religion in American Culture 3
REL 3383 Caribbean Religion & Culture 3
REL 4440 Contemporary Religious Thought 3
THE 2000 Intro. to Theatre 3
THE 3112 Theatre History I 3
THE 3113 Theatre History II 3
THE 3232 Black Theatre/Film & Rel. Studies 3
THE 3235 Contemporary  Black Theatre 3
W0H 1012 Hist. Of  Civilization 3
W0H 1022  Hist. Of  Civilization: Ren. to 1848 3


Mathematics (6 hours)
Two courses from the following:

Course Prefix # Course Title Credit Hours
MAC 4211 Advanced Calculus 4
MAC 1105 College Algebra 3
MAC 1114 Algebraic and Trigonometric Functions 3
MAC 1147 Pre-Calculus Mathematics 4
MAC 2223 Calculus for Architecture 4
MAC 2233 Calculus for Business  3
MAC 2234 Calculus for Business II 3
MAC 2311 Calculus I  4
MAC 2312  Calculus II 4
MGF 1106  Liberal Arts Mathematics I 3
MGF 1107 Liberal Arts Mathematics II  3
MGF 2212 Finite Mathematics (MAD 2120) 3
MTG 2206 College Geometry 3
STA 2023  Intro to Probability & Statistics I 3


Natural Science (8 hours)
Course Prefix # Course Title Credit Hours
AST 1002 Astronomy 4
BSC 1005 Biological Science 4
BSC 1010C General Biology  I  4
BSC 1011C General Biology II  4
CHM 1015 Fundamentals of Chemistry 4
CHM 1030 Intro Chemistry for Health Sci /w lab 4
CHM 1031 Chemistry for Health Sciences /with Lab 4
CHM 1045  General Chemistry I /with Lab 4
CHM 1046 General Chemistry II /with Lab  4
ISC 1006 Wide World Science I  4
ISC 1007 Wide World Science II  4
PHY 2048 General Physics I /with Lab 4
PHY 2049 General Physics II  /with Lab 4
PSC 1121 Physical Science  /with Lab 4


Social Sciences  (6 hours)
AMH 2091 Introduction to African American History 3 and one course from the following:

Course Prefix # Course Title Credit Hours
GEA 2000 World Geography 3
ANT 2000 Introduction to Anthropology 3
ECO 2013 Principles of Economics I  3
ECO 2023 Principles of Economics II 3
POS 2001 Introduction to Political Science 3
POS 2041 American National Government 3
POS 2112 American State and Local Government  3
PSY 2012 Introduction to Psychology 3
SYG 2000 Introduction to Sociology 3


Programs for Degree Acceleration
The university has established several avenues which permit a reduction in the normal amount of time required to complete the requirements for a baccalaureate degree. Each baccalaureate degree program is so designed that students are afforded an opportunity to complete a minimum of twenty-five percent of degree requirements through acceleration mechanisms. These programs include credit by examination, dual enrollment, early admission to the university, the year-around calendar, and any combinations of the above acceleration mechanism.

CREDIT BY EXAMINATION: A STUDENT MAY PARTICIPATE IN A VARIETY OF CREDIT BY EXAMINATION PROGRAMS IN ORDER TO EARN CREDIT TOWARD A DEGREE AWARDED BY THE UNIVERSITY.

Please see transfer credits under “Academic Program Policy” for details.

Health Careers Preparatory Program
Health Careers Preparatory Programs are designed to prepare students to meet the critical manpower needs in the health professions. They are interdisciplinary programs that are open to all students who have an interest in pursuing a career in the health related areas - such as medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, and allied health. Detailed programs with specific discipline emphasis are outlined in the areas of chemistry and biology and in the division of agricultural sciences.

Pre-Medicine and Pre-Dentistry
- These areas prepare students to pursue studies at any medical or dental school. Emphasis is placed not only upon the academic work, but considerable attention is devoted also to developing those inter-personal attributes which are necessary to become a good doctor or dentist. Every opportunity is taken to permit students to interact with medical and dental personnel. Students are encouraged to make surveys or carry out other special projects of interest.

Program in Medical Sciences (PIMS) - This inter-institutional program involving Florida A&M University, Florida State University, and the University of Florida College of Medicine serves as an alternate tract for stu-dents who seek to pursue a career in medicine at the university of Florida College of Medicine. Students in the program can complete the equivalent of the first year of medical school (the basic medical sciences) while completing their baccalaureate degree. From among those students participating in the program, up to fifty (50) a year may be guaranteed a position at the University of Florida College of Medicine upon successful completion of all PIMS required courses and a baccalaureate degree. A separate bulletin describing this program is available.

Pre-Veterinary Medicine - A student who is aspiring to pursue a career in veterinary medicine should plan to complete either Plan I or Plan II of the pre-veterinary program as outlined in the division of agricultural sciences.

The university Honors program provides a series of challenging courses and extra curricular activities for students who excel academically.  The major goals of the program are (1) to encourage academic excellence and (2) to provide a more challenging academic experience for high achieving students.

Requirements for General Honors
1.    SAT of 1200 or ACT of 27 or above for entering freshmen.
2.    GPA of 3.0 for non-entering freshmen and sophomores.
3.    Minimum of eighteen (18) hours of honors credit.
4.    Completion of an honors thesis (in the senior year).
Advantages of Membership
1.    Possible acceleration in completion of general education requirements.
2.    Enrollment in classes of reduced size.
3.    Opportunities for the development of leadership skills.
4.    Recognition on transcript of honors courses successfully taken.
5.    Certificate of Achievement for successfully completing the program.
6.     Opportunity for participation in regional and national meetings of Honors Councils.
*Other university conferences may be substituted in part for this requirement.


The Office of International Education and Development (OlED), a component of the Division of Academic Affairs, supports and promotes the inter-nationalization of the University through the incorporation of international curriculum support and academic enhancement activities  related to teaching, research, and public service. OlED seeks to enhance the University's relevance in an interdependent global village and to facilitate greater appreciation of cross-cultural relations and global issues. OlED strives to establish and maintain a University environment that encourages faculty, staff, and students to participate in a process that enhances and broadens the global role of the University. Services to students, faculty, and staff are provided through three units: (1) International Student and Scholar Services; (2) International Education and Exchange Programs; and (3) International Research and Development. (For updated information on the  Office of International Education and Development, please see Appendix B).

International Student and Scholar Services
The International Student and Scholar Services (ISSS) Department provides resources to facilitate the adjustment process of international students in their new cultural environment.  ISSS coordinates the Florida West Africa Institute (FLAWI) and monitors the programs of students supported by other  institutions in Florida. ISSS administers and oversees all international F-1 and sponsored J-1 students enrolled at FAMU and provides assistance to faculty and staff who apply for the H-1 B visas.  In addition to administrative support and referral services related to immigration and other needs, ISSS offers a range of programs and activities to enhance the overall educational experience of international students and scholars at FAMU.

All incoming international students and scholars are provided orien-tation to the university and the local community. The staff provides international students and scholars individualized advising related to academic issues, housing, health issues and other concerns. It also sponsors outreach initiatives, which include an active Host Family Program and participation in the community international awareness activities.  OIED also sponsors the International Student Association. (For updated information on International Student and Scholar Services, please see Appendix B).

Education Abroad and Exchange Programs

The Education Abroad and Exchange Programs (EAEP) Department, a Title III funded activity, provides FAMU students a substantial array of resources to help them identify opportunities for study, travel and work abroad. The International Resource Center consists of print directories, guidebooks, pamphlets, brochures, a TV monitor and a computer to access electronic bookmarked websites of diverse education abroad opportunities.  Education abroad consists of service learning, traditional year-long or semester study abroad internships, departmental-sponsored short-term study and outreach.

OIED administers a year-round semester program study abroad program in the capital of the Dominican Republic, Santo Domingo, for students seeking to experience a Latin American/Caribbean country. Classes  are taught at the Pontlficia Universidad Cathlica Madre y Maestra (PUCMM). The prescribed academic program consists of Spanish Language studies, Dominican and Afro-Caribbean culture and literature, directed individual study in the student’s major field, and community service component.  

The education abroad staff organizes several short-term academic excursions with a service learning component during the spring break or summer sessions for faculty, staff, and students. The enriching activities can be customized to the faculty member’s class syllabi or a department research project.

FAMU is a member of the College Consortium for International Studies (CCIS), a partnership of accredited two- and four-year U.S. and for-eign colleges and universities which share a commitment to developing a variety of international programs. FAMU coordinates the CCIS Summer Program in the Dominican Republic. Through its consortia affiliations with CCIS and the Council for International Education & Exchanges,  a student can study in over 100 countries and in most fields.  Applications are processed through the Office of International Education and Development. 

The Diplomat-In-Residence (DIR) Program is another component within OIED. Since 2001, FAMU has hosted three Diplomats-in- Residence, a program supported by the U.S. Department of State to encourage more students to pursue careers in the Foreign Services.

The education abroad staff seek to identify opportunities for faculty and staff  to study, work, teach, or conduct research abroad.   They assist with travel arrangements, travel document issues, pre-departure orientation, and other concerns related to trav-el abroad. The staff maintains an array of resources for faculty and staff and regularly informs them of the various  opportunities available to them through public and private agencies- for exchanges, research opportunities, and technical assistance to other universities. (For updated information on Education Abroad and Exchange Programs, please see Appendix B).

International Research and Development
The International Research and Development Department (IRD) facilitates the development of international collaborative projects by providing technical assistance to faculty and staff that enables FAMU faculty, staff, and students to become involved in international collaborative research and development activities. The staff monitors or assists in coordinating collaborative inter-national projects to be implemented by  faculty and staff. It networks with professional international consortia, organizations and government agencies for grants to support FAMU internationalization.

IRD is the custodian of all international Memoranda of Agreements (MOAs) signed with other entities abroad.

If you need any of these services, please contact the Office of International Education and Development, located in 302 Perry-Paige North or call 850-599-3562 or 850-599-3295.  (For updated information on International Research and Development, please see Appendix B).